Year 10 let the games begin

Outline the main geographical processes relevant to Coastal Management.
Coastal Managments geographical processes are reactions and stimulations by the environment that cause change to a specific aspect of the coastal environment which intern will require a Coastal Management technique to be employed to solve the issue. Geographical processes that affect the coast include natural issues such as corrosion and weathering of coastal landscape, hydraulic action and issues related to swell and tide, polution and introduced species as a result of human impact and finally inapropriate development in coastal areas causing concern for Coastal management schemes to be employed.

These geographical processes are relevant to Coastal Management because they all individually affect the coastal environment in a specific way.

US Defense.

What are the US and Australian military forces agreeing to currently? What the specific implications of this agreement?
The US and Australian military forces are agreeing on a scheme which provides more US access to Australian land for the purpose of facilities.

What is the name of the summit where Australia's Defense Minister and the US's Secretary of Defense will meet?
The AUSMIN summit.

Which country is the US specifically reacting to?
The US is reacting to the increasing military power of China.

What are the US planners looking to achieve with this agreement regarding troop movement?

They are looking for more ways to move troops around the world by breaking the globe down into regions.

What are other key areas of discussion at the summit?

cyber security, progress in Afghanistan and the state of the Joint Strike Fighter project.

What does this agreement mean for Australia's future in the Regional and Global context?

Australia's international security in the region will increase as military ties with the United States increase and Australians position in the world will also increase as they gain more power.

Mapping Skills

What is the predicted population growth rate in 2030? - .75 %

What is the predicted population change in 2030? - 60 million.

What region of the world is predicted to have the greatest gross increase in percentage between 1800 and 2050? - South and central america.

How many males and females are there in Ethiopia for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? - approx 4.4 million. 2.2 million for each gender

How many males and females are there in Italy for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? - 3.7 milion
1.8 males/1.7 females

Why do you think that there is such a difference between these two countries? - There is a noticeable difference between both countries because of the large growth rate in population of ethopia and the fact that italys population decreases over the 50 years.

What is located at GR831979? - Dicks Hill

What is the highest point at AR7997? - Camden Haven

What is the contour interval for the map? - 10 metres

What physical feature is located at GR820975? - A wet swamp.

Approximately how far is the Laurieton Sporting Complex from Hanleys Point on the Camden Haven Inlet? - 1km

Give the GR for the North Haven Public School. - 8300

What is the highest point at Camden Head? Give the height and GR. - Laurieton - 79 metres - 8498.

Go back to where you came from reflection.

My initial reaction to the show was that i found it interesting and unique to say the least. The show demonstrated a variety of outlooks on the Australian issue of refugees and especially the ever increasing problem of 'boat people' or refugees who illegally enter Australia. Over the course of the 3 episodes and the changing experience of the 6 Australians involved it was evident that opinions had changed in favour of the refugees as the majority of the 6 now had views of benevolence towards refugees. I found this change to be captivating as it was the desired outcome of the experiment but also somewhat expected of the the Australians due to the conditions they were exposed to. Overall the series was enjoyable and fascinating because the topic of refugees in one of complexity and detail.

What percentage of immigrants are refugees?

A: 1.5%

Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media?

A:  Because the media highlights the problem and forces people to show a concern for the issue and demand change to be necessary.

Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees?

A:  Australia ranks 18th among those countries as they only accept 2.2 percent of all applications.

To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world?

A: Australia has an obligation to help people suffering in the world in an extent that is present now but with more humanitarian influences and more proactive strategies in dealing with illegal refugees.

How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens?

A: Refugees receive the same support that all other Australians receive.

How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention?

A:  11 Asian nations have signed the UN Refugees Convention.

Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia?

A: It is important because Malaysia is home to a large amount of refugees which will be treated with violence and not in a humanitarian method that would be accepted in Australia let alone any other nation that has signed the UN Refugee Convention.

ASEAN

1. To improve and harmonize trade and investment policies.

2. The Economic Research institute for ASEAN. They intend to monitor how the propsed plan and to keep track on the success of it.

3. The ASEAN Economic community. They plan on helping countries identify commitments that will deliver the best results.

4. The three areas of focus are: Trade and transport,services and investment facilitation.

5. The groups plan to meet once a year in order to maintain its goals and remain successful.

6. They intend to establish a knowledge bank that includes possible tools that members can use to pursue effective reforms.

7.Dato Lim Jock Hoi  is the chairman and he is the minister for foreign affairs for Brunei. Brunei has a population of 400000 which is extremely low compared to Australia. Their GDP is 20.382 billion.

8. Economic integration refers to trade unification between different states by the partial or full abolishing of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state.

9. I think it is a good thing for Australia because it will improve Australias image as they will be helping countries that are in a worse position economically and they will be encouraging growth between them.

US/Australia defence

1. Defence minister his role in the government is to manage the Defence policy of Australian and manage the individual areas associated with it.

2. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, DC.

3. The US/Australia defence alliance allows both the USA and Australia to operate together in security and strategic employments in the asia pacific area.

4. Australias global position is relatively close to asia which is important because the region is a national interest for the USA because it has started to become the worlds centre of gravity for economic, political, military and strategic influences.

5. Over the past 50 years Australia has made contributions to the alliance by hosting and supporting some the USA's most sensitve security and strategic capabilities which relate to intelligence based systems like ballistic missile warnings and submarine communications.

6. These companies who do business with Australia provide income to the employees of the associated business in conjuction with the Australian companies.

7. The minister points out that this relationship is based on economic factors and trade which influence the defence relationship and provide a level of trust and familiarity to either of the countries involved.

8. The country that is central to the relationship between the USA and Australia is China. China is important because of its emerging status as being one of the worlds economic superpowers.

9. Australia is trying to foster a defence relationship much like the one they posses with the USA.

10. It is necessary for Australia to establish this relationship to ensure the security of the region and to be an important ally for China when it becomes one of the worlds biggest superpowers.



1. The US is planning to locate a base in Woomera, Australia in order to have greater access to Australian training and test ranges and have a greater influence on Australias military.

2.When this base is completed the coordination between American and Australian forces will increase greatly as the two sides will become more familiar and succinct in tactics and training.

Australian nuclear target.

1. Kevin Rudds role is the minister for foreign affairs and his role is to act as a diplomat that will represent Australia and communicate between Australian and different countries around the world.

2.Kevin Rudds concern is that the instability of the Korean peninsula and the volatile nature of North Korea are threats to Australia and its national safety.

3. Kevin Rudd expressed his views and concerns at the ASEAN regional forum.

4. North Korea has carried out several hostile actions including torpedoing South Korean naval ships, shelling civilian homes and developing a Uranium weapons program. These actions have alarmed Kevin Rudd and prompted him to lash out at the forum.

5. The 'Taepodong-2' which is a long range missle capable of travelling 15000km making it a threat to Northern Australia.

6. Kevin Rudd is aiming to identify and expose North Koreas possible intentions by calling out the North Korean counterpart this calling out will prompt other countries to recognise this threat and take action to ensure it is no longer dangerous. This relates to Australias relationship with the region as being a country with strong ties to the UK and the USA in terms of allies and diplomatic communication.

7. Australias relationship with major allies is predominantly associated with defence and trade which makes it an important ally and thus worthy of protection from threats like the North Korean weapons program.

Mapping

1. What is it about the pressure system stalled over Australia that relates to the weather over the next 4 days?

 The pressure system stalled over Australia is a high pressure system which is lingering over South Australia but also a serperate high pressure system approaching for the east meaning that warm sunny weathers will be affecting these areas.

2. What is the air pressure in each of the next 4 days for each of the capital cities? How does this correspond with the predicted weather for these cities?

Sydney - 1016 1022 1018 1017
Melbourne - 1024 1016 1018 1024
Brisbane - 1017 1016 1017 1016
Darwin - 1017 1017 1016 1017
Perth - 1016 1018 1017 1020
Adelaide - 1018 1027 1020 1022
Hobart - 1024 1020 1022 1018
Canberra - 1024 1018 1017 1020

1. What is the contour interval (sometimes abbreviated CI)? Convert to metric
20ft so about 6m.

2. What is the scale of the map? Convert it into the metric system
 1:1000
3. What is the gradient of the line? Calculate in metric system.
869ft = 261m
2cm line = 20m
gradient = 13.05

San Francisco

San Francisco is a city located in Califronia in the Unites States of America. It is a world famous city and it is the 13th largest city in the US. It is located on a peninsula known as the San Francisco peninsula forms an opening into the California bay area.

The Golden Gate bridge is an iconic symbol and landmark of San Francisco and of early 20th century american architecture. The bridge connects the San Francisco peninsula to marin county and at the time of construction in 1937 it was the longest suspension bridge in the world.

San Francisco is widely famous for its hills as there are more than 50 hills located throughout the city. Pictured above is Lombard street which decends down Russian Hill. Many suburbs are situated on and named after these hills.

San Francisco is also famous for its cultural aspects like its Chinatown which is the oldest and one of the largest in North America. The city is also culturally stimulated by the high cost and standard of living which is a result of the large numbers of white collar workers in the area.  

San Francisco is one of the few cities in the world that has a large scale tram and streetcar system. The trams are a major form of public transport for the residents of San Francisco as 1/3 of the population regularly uses public transport.

Jordan Springs.

1. Is this an example of urban consolidation or urban sprawl? Why?

This is a good example of urban sprawl because it essentially is a propsed development site that encourages first home buyers and investors to buy into the project and develop the area into a new residential suburb rather than develop an existing one.

2. Do you think that this development is positive or negative for the surrounding community? For Sydney? For Australia?

I think that this propsed development is negative for Sydney and Australia due to the new resources that will have to accomodate for the area such as transport and electricity but it will also benefit the community by providing a relatively affordable location for people looking to purchase land.

Urban renew and decay.

1. Aesthetics - outward appearance: the way something looks, especially when considered in terms of how pleasing it is.

This in an example of aesthetics because it is an approach to urban development that is pleasing to the eye.

2.Safety - Any defensive location or structure in a city, eg a seawall, a castle, city built on a hill to protect from floods

This sea wall is protecting the town from the strong waves and the hydraulic action which damages the coast.

3.Slums - a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security.

This south east asian slum shows signs of very poor living standards and characteristics of a slum.

4. Decay - Decay is the way a specific building or city lasts over time. Whether the building is still standing or whether it still looks appealing etc

These buidling show clear signs of urban decay and are in need of renovation as they look very unappealing.

5. Reconstruction and Renewal - Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use.



This structure is an example of urban reconstruction and renewal of an area that has decayed and lost interest.

6. Transport - Transportation planning is a field involved with the evaluation, assessment, design and siting of transportation facilities (generally streets, highways, footpaths, bike lanes and public transport lines).

This highway is an example transportation planning on a relatively small scale as transportation planning can be used for entire cities.

7. Suburbanization - a term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities

This photo shows a good example of urbanisation as the houses in this photo are very compacted and similar.

8. Environmental Factors -  the process of facilitating decision making to carry out development with due consideration given to the natural environmental, social, political, economic and governance factors and provides a holistic frame work to achieve sustainable outcomes.

This house in very environmentally friendly and it takes environmental factors into account and uses them for benefit.

9. Light and Sound - The 'pollution' of light and sound throughout a city or urban area. This can also be the lack of light e.g. a building blocks out the sun making a part of the city in shade for 90% of the day.

9.1 Australia the urban nation

1. What is mean by the term 'urabn sprawl'?

Urban sprawl refers to when a city becomes so over populated that it is forced to move outwards and create new suburbs.

2. What is meant by the term 'urban consolidation'?

Urban consolidaiton refers to strategies used to make better use of existing urban infrastructure such as builidng apartment blocks instead of housing.

3. What is meant by a highly urbanised country?

A highly urbanised country is a country that has a very high population density per km squared.

4. List three statistics that suggest Australia is a highly urbanised country.

•  65% of Australias population lives in capital cities.
•  92% live in urban areas
•  Sydneys population density is 2076 people per square kilometre.

5. What factors have influenced the location of Australias captial cities.

The main factors that influences Australias captital cities is the location of resources and a major water source which is why the majority of the capital cities are on the coast of Australia.

6. What is population density and how is it related to urban sprawl?

Population density is the average amount of people living in an area of a square kilometre.

7. How do Australian cities compare to other cities in the world in terms of their population density?

Australian cities compared to other cities around the world are dramatically lower in population density and our highest is 2076 which is very low compared to cities like mumbai and cairo.

8. Describe the advantage, in terms of the provision of infrastructure, urban consolidation has over urban sprawl?

Things such as public transport, electricity, electricity and water supplies are already built for the developments and therefore are easier to accomodate for the influx of people.

9. How have urban planners responded to the issue of urban sprawl in Australia?

Urban planners have responded to the issue of urban sprawl in Autralia by using urban consolidation is thinly populated urban areas and also by expanding and creating new suburbs.

10. a) Melbourne
      b) Population divided by the land area (km squared)
      c) Sydney - Melbourne - Adelaide - Wollongong - Perth - Gold Coast - Newcastle - Canberra - Brisbane - Gosford.

11) The new apartment buildings will have a very strong impact on the preexisting housing because they will alter the natural light that reaches the houses and will also prove to be eyesores for the local residents.

12) Living in detached housing is more traditional and is a lot more convinient than apartments which usually require more maintenance and also short term leases.

7.8 Dune revegetation at stuarts point.

1. The coastal management dune area discussed in the this unit is located in Stuarts Point which is a village located on the mid-north coast of New South Wales.

2.

3. Describe the role of the local community in managing the sand dune area.

The local community is responsible for ensuring that the sand dune area is safe and continues to be healthy so that the dunes can provide tourism for stuarts point and also because they help the fishing industry. An example of the community helping was in May 1965 they provided native plant seedlings and planting advice to the progress association of Stuarts Point in what was to be the start of the revegetation program for the dunes. 

4. The sand dunes are important to the people of stuarts point because they provide a scenic attraction to the town which provides them with tourism that benefits the local economy and residents. They are also concerned about maintaining the dune because of the history and relevence to the town.

5. In 7.35 the vegetation progressively gets denser and more populated starting out with grasses and creepers then shrubs and short trees and finally long lived tall trees.

6. The vegetation provides support in form of when the roots from the vegetation hold the dune in place and stop it from being washed away easily and the vegetation on the top stop the sand being blown away by strong winds and intern are important for the wellbeing of the plants. 

7. The cattle started to graze on the vegetation which intern disrupted the natural protection that the vegetation brings. 

8. After the cattle grazed on the vegetation they would have caused serious damage to the dunes and changed geographical processes that affect the dunes. 

9. Department of Lands, the Department of Public Works, the Macleay Shire Council, and the Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales

10.  1 - Tractor forms a small foredune roughly 2metres high.

       2 - Fence then constructed to help trap the wind blown sand dune.

       3 - Trees planted along the river bank to stabilise the western margin of the area.

       4 - Natural species planted such as banksia, melaleuca and leptospermum.

12. The geographical process of lonshore drift has caused the river mouth to silt up in 1900. 

13. a) The revegetation program was successful to for the sand dunes because it effectively stabilised the dune via means of replanting vegetation and keeping the process natural.

      b) As well as the dunes the macleay river ecosystem also benefited naturally as a result of the revegetation program.

      c)The local groups in the community now had the dunes restabilised and once again were a popular tourist attraction for their town.

14. The vegetation on the sand dunes is highly important and necessary for them because it  protects the dune from being blown away by winds and the succession of vegetation protects the bare beach dunes that are more likely to be damaged. The grasses and creepers protect the incipient dune while the shrubs and short trees protect the fore dune and lastly the tall trees protect the hind dune. Strong winds and the geographical process of longshore drift can cause the sand dunes to move inland. The coastal management option of closing the dunes and replanting the vegetation will stabilise the sand.

 

TRESB project

The TRESBP(Tweed River entrance sand bypassing project) was a coastal management strategy put into place in Tweed Heads NSW.

The problem that made this management strategy occured during the 1950s when the entrance of the Tweed River became a hazard to shipping because of the frequent sandbars that were forming across the entrance of the river mouth.

The initial solution to the problem was to construct breakwaters that would stop the buildup of sand the entrance of the river mouth and although it was at first sucessful this solution itself caused problems due to the new buildup of sand around the breakwaters which interfered with the natural process of longshore drift and the supply of sand to beaches on the north of the Tweed River.

The solution to this new problem of sand buildup was to build a mechanism that would pump the sand around the breakwaters to the surronding beaches of the local area and also to dredge some of the sand north to the gold coast where the beaches were scarce of sand.

The Tweed river entrance sand bypassing project.

1. Why did it become necessary to extend the Tweed river breakwaters?

It was necessary to extend the Tweed river breakwaters because the breakwaters ont he southern side of the Tweed River acted to trap sand that would naturally be moved in a northernly directed by longshore drift.

2. What impact would the construction of the breakwaters have on the replenishment of sand to the Gold Coast beaches and severe storm erosion?

The construction of the breakwaters would benefit the Gold Coast beaches because the excess sand caught by the break waters would be used to replenish the Gold Coast beaches and stop the Tweed River from silting up.

3. Why did the Tweed River become unsafe to shipping? Explain the natural process that caused sandbars to form over the mouth of the Tweed River.

The Tweed River would become unsafe to shipping because of the large buildup of sandbars that would cause problems for boats that were entering the river.

4. Why was te dredging of the Tweed River and the associated beach nourishment program only a short-term solution to coastal management of the area?

The dredging of the Tweed River was only supposed to be a short-term solution because it was a costly method that would need to be continually used in order to solve the problem.

5. Describe the way TRESBP replaces the natural process of the longshore drift.

TRESBP used a system of pipes that pump the sand from the southern side of the Tweed River where most of the accumulation is and moves it via four outlet to the nearby beach.

6. Write a paragraph that explains your opinion of the TRESBP why do you think the project is regarded as one of the most sucessful coastal management schemes in Australia?

The Tweed River entrance sand bypassing project is one of the most successful coastal managemnt schemes in Australia because it was an effecient solution to a problem that was affecting the mouth of the Tweed River and also because it benefited the Gold Coast beaches by providing them with a continual supply of sand. The TRESBP is an example of an effective management strategy that has been used to solve a coastal mangement issue.

7. Draw an annotated map to explain the operation of the TRESBP.



8. Look at the aerial photograph in 7.28. Describe the changes that have occutred to th mouth of the Tweed River since 1962.

Starting from 1962  the breakwaters have been growing out of the mouth of the Tweed River located in Tweed heads NSW They have disrupted the sand coming through with longshore drift and this process has affected other areas along the northern coast. Theses beaches have lost sand as a result of this so more has to be pumped in and this can be seen in the second and third photos as there is a clear sand buildup

9. My estimation for the length of the breakwater in 1964 would be rougly 500 to 550m

The science of big waves

Pre-viewing:

1. Where do ocean waves come from? What gets them started?

Ocean waves are generated from winds that affect the water and the swell in a way that causes them to form waves which break on the shores.  


2. What do you think a surfer should know about waves before they try and ride a wave while surfing?

Because the surfer should know about the different wave types and the intensity of the waves so there is little chance of them getting injured by the waves if they are inexperienced.

1. Observe all the waves that you see and describe how they form and break. Use as many words found in the segment for you descriptions.

The waves in the video form very high and tall and they take a while to break but when the finally do break the impact is very large.

2. Describe how waves are formed, how they originate, and how they are measured?

Waves are formed by storms that have resulted from low and high pressure fronts colliding with each other. The waves are measured by wind speed, fetch and duration.

3. What is a maverick wave and what is special about the way it is formed?

The waves can get as high as a four story bulding. A wave that is extremely high and powerful.

4. How is energy stored and transferred during wave?

The energy is stored and moved along the ocean and is transferred to wave height as the sea floor becomes steeper and less gentle.

5. List any kind of advice given by the surfers about how to survive these “big waves

Surfers should be careful to learn about and respect the destructive power of the waves and the sudden change of the wave energy when it hits the shelf.

7.3

Question 1)

Question 2) coastal lagoon)

2) Wave cut platfrom

2) Tombolo

2) Sand bank

question 3)

question 4)



7.2

Question #7:

7 Study the inappropriate development image. Select one

of the viewpoints below and write a letter to the local

paper about the advantages and/or disadvantages of the

development.

a a resident of one of the new developments shown in

the picture

b a long-time local resident of the area who appreciates

a) Dear editor,
Im am writing about the recent deveolopment of our town. I myself am one of the newest residents for i have moved into a cosy apartment which is right on the beach. I feel that the development is a very good thing for the town as it is economically beneficial for local business owners who will enjoy the influx of new residents who will no doubt be supporting them and their small town values.

I was shocked to see so many of the current residents protesting these developments because im my view this development has been the best thing that this town has ever seen. Hopefully in the next few weeks these people will realise that this is a good thing and they will come to appreciate the new people moving into their town.

Coastal Management Questions 7.1

1. Describe how the settlement pattern of Australia is related to issues in the coastal environment?

The settlement pattern of Australia is related to issues in the coastal environment because the majority of the Australian population lives on the coastline of Australia. This population growth has directly affected the coastal environment with the introduction of issues such as polution, inappropriate development and introduced plants.

2. Why is the sustainable development of the coastline the aim of coastal management strategies?

The sustainable development of the coastline is the aim of coastal management strategies because

geographers aim to create a method of development of the coastline that takes a wide range of viewpoints that are essentially for the good of the coastline. These management strategies are put into place to counteract issues that have been a result of earlier settlements.

3. What trend has been labelled 'sea change'?

The trend of population growth has been labelled 'sea change' as it is the name that has been applied to this process.

4. Describe one government response to 'sea change'.

One government response to this sea change has been the introduction of 'imposed residential caps' and/or a population ceiling for several towns in an effort to stop overdevolpment of these towns.

5. Select four of the geographical issues facing the coastal environment presented in this unit. For each issue identify the human actions that cause the issue.

Polution - Pollution of the coastline is a result of urban developments in coastal communities. Apart from direct pollution from the residents, humans have also contributed to this with factors such as unsafe treatment of sweage and poor management of stromwater.

Introduced plants - Introduced species of plants are detrimental to coastal ecosystems because they can overtake the native vegetation. These introduced plants have been brought into Australia for things such as supporting sand dunes with foreign plants which are not used to the australian landscape and ecosystem.

Inappropriate developement - Overdevelopment or unpractical development of coastal areas by humans in order to expand a towns housing capacities and give the area sufficient residential space. Humans looking to invest or find land have caused this issue and as a result many of the housing has been dangerous to live in and/or dangerous to the environment.

Recreation and tourism. - Recreation and tourism have caused significant damage to coastal areas with humans being the direct cause because of the sudden influx of people with little regard for the ecosystem and landforms.

6. What role do geographers play in developing management solutions to issues in coastal environments?

Geographers play an important role in developing management solutions to issues in coastal environments by taking in different view points and opinions from the different groups associated with the area and choosing the best possible method of action for solving the current coastal management issues which are affecting the area they are managing.

7. Find an example that you and/or others feel is an example of inappropriate development. Describe why this is considered inappropriate. Give one way that this type of development can be fixed.

 

Apartment blocks in pacific palms - a small beach town community.

 

I feel that this type of developement is considered to be highly inappropriate for this area because the area is unsuitable for these buildings and the towns resources would not be able to handle the new homeowners who would be moving into the area.

 

This development can be fixed by cutting down on the number of planned buildings until the town is appropriate enough to accomodate the sudden arrival of these new people.